GENERAL BIOLOGY

Biological levels of organization
1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Organelles
4. Cell –basic unit of life
5. Tissues = cells with similar of the same liver cells functions
6. Organs= group of diffirent tissues (hart…)
7. Organ systems
8. Organisms
9. Populations =group of the same organisms limina in the same place at the same time
10. Communities – group of different populations in the same place and time
11. Ecosystems – communities and all non-living matther
12. Bio sphere – sum of ecological systems

Time – that which prevents every thing from happening once

ORIGINS
1. Universe – 13 GA
2. Stars – condence from matter in the Universe (2-3 generation of stars). The Sun is 5 GA old
3. Earth – 4.6 GA (Baffen Bay –rocks with zirconium dated 4.5 GA. West Australia – 4.4 GA. Zircon origined from granite in presence of water
4. Origin of water (oceans): a.-comet impact; b.-volcanic outgassing and rain
5. Origin of life – earliest fossils are microbes at about 3.5 GA

Possible ways:

a. Chemicalself-assembly in “surface water”, spontaneous generation
b. Chemicalself-assembly within rocks, ”, spontaneous generation
c. Panspermia –life can be everywhere. All cells came from pre-existing cells, they reproduce. All life came from pre-existing life.

KINDS OF REPRODUCTION

1. Asexual - clones: one parent cell splits on two daughter cells. All DNA from one parent, no eggs, no sperms, no action. Very common. Example –skin cells
2. Sexual reproduction – eggs and sperms-- >, fertilized egg. Two parents provide DNA. Two parents in nuclear. It is unique information, unique set of genetic information, not the same information. LIFE NEVER STOPS –CONTINIUS, BECAUSE REPRODUCTION.

3. Parthenogenetic life – no fertilization, female produces female

Viruces are not life because they cannot reproduce itself through DNA, they needs a cell for reproduction, but they can be into minerals.


Pro-before
Eu –thrue
Karia - nucleus

DOMINE 1 PROKARIA

Characteristics:

a. Tiny -- > small, simple cell structure (no organelles)

b. Single cell
c. Unicellular
d. No nucleus

Kingdoms:
1. Eubacteria
2. Archae – extremophiles (extremal environment)

DOMINE 2 EUKARIA Characteristics:
a. Small to huge
b. Complex cells
c. Uni or multicellular
d. Nucleus

Kingdoms:
1.Funal
2. Planiae
3. Profista
4.Animalia

SYBLIOSIS = two or more different species living together

Kinds of symbiotic relationship:
1.Mutualism – both have benefits
2.Commensalism – benefit another –do not care
3. Parasitism –parasite has a benefit – energy from a host

ENDOSYMBIOSIS
Mitochondrions – oxygen to cell. Mitochondrions have own DNA, reproduce itself, structure of a bacteria (simbiote bacteria,living in).